13th International Conference on Fracture June 16–21, 2013, Beijing, China -9- and the internal HAp strain. It also helps understanding of the mechanical properties of hierarchical biomaterials. Figure 5. (a) A simple 3D example of aligned HAp crystals (alignment angle φ=0° is shown). (b) aligned K variation with respect to the alignment angle (0°-180°). Acknowledgements Diamond Light Source is acknowledged for the provision of beamtime at Test Beamline B16 under allocations MT7807 and MT7989. AMK wishes to acknowledge EPSRC support through grants EP/H003215/1 and EP/I020691/1, and the use of facilities at the Research Complex at Harwell. References [1] F.A. Siang, S. Mahnaz, V.S. Michael, et al. Comparison of mechanical behaviours of enamel rod and interrod regions in enamel. J Mater Res., 27 (2012) 448-456. [2] G.A. Macho, Y. Jiang, I.R. Spears. Enamel microstructure—a truly three-dimensional structure. J Hum Evol., 45 (2003) 81-90. [3] B. Kerebel, G. Daculsi, L.M. Kerebel. Ultrastructural studies of enamel crystallites. J Dent Res. 57 (1979) 306-312. [4] L.H. He. Mechanical behavior of human enamel and the relationship to its structural and compositional characteristics. phd thesis, 2008. [5] T. Nakamura, C. Lu, C.S. Korach, Mechanical Properties of Tooth Enamel: Microstructural Modeling and Characterization, Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 2011(9999) 171-179. [6] S. Bechtle, H. Özcoban, E.T. Lilleodden, et al. Hierarchical flexural strength of enamel: transition from brittle to damage-tolerant behavior. J.R. Soc. Interface, 9 (2012) 1265-1274. [7] P. Fratzl, S. Schreiber, K. Klaushofer. Bone mineralization as studied by small-angle x-ray scattering. Connect Tissue Res., 34 (1996) 247-254. [8] M.L. Young, J.D. Almer, M.R. Daymond, et al. Load partitioning between ferrite and cementite during elasto-plastic deformation of an ultrahigh-carbon steel. Acta Mater, 55 (2007) 1999–2011. [9] M.L. Young, J. DeFouw, J.D. Almer, et al. Load partitioning during compressive loading of a Mg/MgB2 composite. Acta Mater, 55 (2007) 3467–3478. [10] A.C. Deymier-Black, J.D. Almer, S.R. Stock, et al. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of load partitioning during elastic deformation of bovine dentin. Acta Biomater, 6 (2010) 2172–2180. [11] J.D. Almer, S.R. Stock. High energy X-ray scattering quantification of in situ-loading-related strain gradients spanning the dentin enamel junction (DEJ) in bovine tooth specimens. J Biomech., 43 (2010) 2294–2300. [12] A. Singhal, J.D. Almer, D.C. Dunand. Variability in the nanoscale deformation of
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