7 ( ) (13) Hence, we can come up with the conclusion that represents the radius of Universe in this model which for provides i.e. comparatively close to the prediction of the Lambda-CDM model. If the probe mass is inside the homogenous Universe (i.e. , then the total force upon the mass resulting from the gravitational and anti-gravitational matter is zero so that, in average, any domain inside Universe experiences no contraction and no expansion. Moreover, the total mass of Universe is equal to zero. The gravitational matter is concentrated in many moving clots inside Universe while the anti-gravitational matter of the cosmic field is uniformly distributed everywhere. From here, it may be assumed that Universe is a gigantic fluctuation created from nothing (i.e. something which energy-mass was zero). However, the Universe is open so that, eventually, some gravitational masses on the edge move out and go away, that is they leave Universe forever. Their place in Universe is, then, taken by some insiders. This is the way how Universe expands and, evidently , this expansion is accelerated due to the arising and growing imbalance of gravitational and anti-gravitational forces inside Universe. The incorporation of the introduced cosmic field into the framework of general relativity seems to be impossible but it is quite plausible for the field theories using non-metric theories of gravity. 6. Orbital speed of stars in spiral galaxies The orbital speed of a planet in our solar system determined by equilibrium of inertia force to that of gravitation equals where is the mass of Sun and is the distance of the planet from Sun. And so, this speed decreases tending to zero when the distance grows. Because in Milky Way and other galaxies, the orbital speed of stars rotating around the center of Milky Way has, seemingly, to be described by a similar law. However, it is not. The orbital speed of stars in galaxies appears to be independent of the distance to the center and equal to about ( for our Sun, ). This paradox produced some theories. For example, the well-known MOND theory accepts that the inertia force upon a star in a galaxy is directly proportional not to the acceleration (equal to in the case of uniform circular motion) as follows from the Newton-Galileo mechanics, but to the square of acceleration. Certainly, this approach makes the orbital speed independent of Another school of thought considers Dark Energy responsible for this paradox.
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