13th International Conference on Fracture June 16–21, 2013, Beijing, China -5- where an approximation of the equilibrium two-phase state of the liquid and vapor was used for the description of the melted layers of metals. The rarefaction wave can substantially influence on the material modification [12] as well as on the spall fracture of solid metal near its back surface. Figure 1. Temperature distributions in copper at the two time moments. Fast electrons energy is 1 MeV, the current density is 10 kA/cm2, the pulse duration is 50 ns. At the moment of the pulse end, the temperature in the metal layer heated by the beam is maximal and it achieves 4900 K, after than, at the expansion of the “compressed” substance, the temperature becomes lower. Figure 2. Distributions of pressure at consecutive time moments. High current electron beam irradiation of copper with the electrons energy 1 MeV, the current density 10 kA/cm2, and the pulse duration 50 ns.
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